Buffalo Water Quality: Is Your Tap Water Safe to Drink?

What Is the Source of Buffalo's Tap Water?

Buffalo’s tap water primarily comes from Lake Erie, with additional input from the Niagara River. Lake Erie is the fourth-largest of the Great Lakes by surface area but the smallest by volume. Lake Erie's relatively shallow depth, with an average depth of about 62 feet and a maximum depth of 210 feet, makes it the shallowest of the Great Lakes. This shallowness leads to warmer water temperatures and faster circulation, which can affect water quality.

The lake’s shallowness and warmth create conditions that can lead to seasonal issues such as algae blooms, particularly in the western basin of the lake, which is the shallowest part. Algal blooms can produce harmful toxins that need to be closely monitored and managed to ensure safe drinking water. The lake is also susceptible to pollution from agricultural runoff and industrial activities.

The city's water is treated and supplied by the Buffalo Water Authority, which manages the treatment plants responsible for ensuring tap water meets safety standards.

How Does Buffalo Treat Its Water to Ensure Safety?

To ensure that Buffalo's tap water remains safe and clean, the city employs a rigorous multi-step treatment process designed to address potential contaminants and meet health standards. Here’s an overview of the process:

• Intake and initial screening: Water is sourced from Lake Erie, entering the system through an intake located in the northeastern part of the lake. At the Colonel Francis G. Ward Pumping Station, sediments and large debris like fish and leaves are removed using traveling screens.
• Coagulation and flocculation: The water is mixed with a coagulant, poly-aluminum chloride (PACl), which causes small particles to clump together into larger aggregates known as floc. This process helps in the removal of organic and inorganic materials.
• Sedimentation: The water, now containing floc, moves into large settling basins where the floc settles out by gravity. This step reduces the amount of suspended particles in the water.
• Filtration: The clarified water then passes through rapid sand and anthracite filters. These filters remove any remaining floc and fine particles. Occasionally, a filter aid is added to enhance the filtration process.
• Disinfection: Chlorine is added to the water to disinfect and remove remaining microorganisms. This step is important to ensure the water is pathogen-free.
• Corrosion control: A phosphate-based corrosion inhibitor is introduced to protect plumbing systems from lead and copper leaching into the water.
• Storage and distribution: The treated water is stored until needed. High-lift pumps then distribute the water throughout the city’s extensive piping network.
• Ongoing testing: Buffalo’s in-house laboratory continuously tests the water at various stages of the treatment process and from various points within the distribution system. This monitoring ensures the water meets public health standards and remains free from contaminants.

Buffalo's thorough treatment process helps maintain the safety and quality of Buffalo’s tap water, despite challenges such as the lake’s shallow depth and potential contaminants.

What Contaminants Are Commonly Found in Buffalo's Water Supply?

Buffalo's tap water, like that of many urban areas, contains various contaminants. Several substances have been detected in the city's water supply, some of which can pose health risks if consumed over time.

To ensure water safety, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes legal limits for substances in drinking water. In addition, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) provides more stringent health guidelines that are often lower than EPA limits, aiming to offer additional protection against contaminants that could pose health risks even at lower concentrations.

By comparing these standards with actual detected levels, we can better understand the quality of Buffalo’s water and the potential risks involved. Here's a closer look at the most common contaminants found in Buffalo's drinking water:

1. Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)

Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) are a group of chemical compounds formed when chlorine used for disinfection reacts with organic matter in the water. Common TTHMs include chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane. Long-term exposure to high levels of TTHMs in drinking water may pose health risks such as liver, kidney, or central nervous system problems, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

Buffalo’s water treatment facilities monitor TTHM levels closely and ensure they are below the maximum contaminant level (MCL) set by regulatory agencies. Regular testing and treatment adjustments help maintain TTHM concentrations within safe limits, ensuring the water remains safe for consumption.

Levels of TTHMs have exceeded what the EWG recommends for safety by 188 times:

• EPA Maximum Allowance: 80 ppb
• EWG Recommended Maximum: 0.15 ppb
• Buffalo Maximum Detected Level: 28.2 ppb

2. Haloacetic Acids (HAA5)

Haloacetic acids (HAA5) are a group of disinfection byproducts formed when chlorine used for water treatment reacts with natural organic matter. These compounds have been associated with potential health risks, including cancer.

In Buffalo, the levels of HAA5 surpass the safety threshold set by the EWG by 154 times:

• EPA Maximum Allowance: 60 ppb
• EWG Recommended Maximum: 0.1 ppb
• Buffalo Maximum Detected Level: 15.4 ppb

3. Haloacetic Acids (HAA9)

Haloacetic acids (HAA9) include all the contaminants found in HAA5, plus additional disinfection byproducts such as bromochloroacetic acid and tribromoacetic acid. These compounds are linked to cancer risks.

In Buffalo, HAA9 levels exceed the EWG's recommended safety limit by 372 times:

• EPA Maximum Allowance: No legal limit
• EWG Recommended Maximum: 0.06 ppb
• Buffalo Maximum Detected Level: 22.3 ppb

 4. Chromium (Hexavalent)

Chromium, particularly in its hexavalent form, is a concerning contaminant often found in water supplies. This heavy metal can be naturally occurring but is also introduced through industrial activities. Known for its carcinogenic properties, chromium remains unregulated by the EPA, despite its potential health risks.

In Buffalo, chromium levels exceed the safety guidelines recommended by the EWG by a factor of 3.5:

• EPA Maximum Allowance: No legal limit
• EWG Recommended Maximum: 0.02 ppb
• Buffalo Maximum Detected Level: 0.07 ppb

5. Nitrates and Nitrites

Nitrates and nitrites in Buffalo's tap water primarily come from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, and natural processes. Nitrates, often from fertilizers and manure, can affect water quality, while nitrites result from the conversion of nitrates in the environment.

High levels of nitrates can be particularly harmful to infants and pregnant women, as they can interfere with the blood's ability to carry oxygen, leading to "blue baby syndrome" and other health issues. Nitrites, though less common, can present similar risks.

Buffalo’s water treatment facilities actively monitor and manage these contaminants to keep their levels within safe limits. Regular testing ensures that any risks are minimized and the water remains safe for consumption.

Nitrate levels in Buffalo water have exceeded what the EWG recommends for safety by 2.4 times:

• EPA Maximum Allowance: 10 ppm
• EWG Recommended Maximum: 0.14 ppm
• Buffalo Maximum Detected Level: 0.34 ppm

Does Buffalo Water Contain Lead?

Buffalo's tap water may contain lead, primarily due to the aging infrastructure and lead plumbing that still exists in some parts of the city. According to water quality reports, while the treated water leaving the Buffalo water treatment plant does not contain lead, the metal can leach into the water as it travels through lead service lines or household plumbing systems that contain lead pipes, fixtures, or solder.

The city regularly tests for lead in drinking water, and most samples show lead levels below the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb). However, a few samples of water from individual households occasionally exceed this level.

Long-term exposure to lead in drinking water can have severe health effects, especially for children, infants, and pregnant women.

Lead accumulation in the body can cause developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems in children.

In adults, it can lead to high blood pressure, kidney damage, and reproductive issues, among other serious health effects.

It’s important for residents to reduce exposure by using lead-removing water filters, testing their water regularly, and replacing lead-containing plumbing fixtures.

Are There Any Recent Reports on Buffalo's Water Quality?

Buffalo conducts regular water testing for a variety of contaminants to ensure the water's safety. The 2023 Annual Drinking Water Report is one of the most recent reports providing a detailed outlook into the city’s water quality. According to the report, while certain contaminants were detected in the water, all were found at levels considered safe by state guidelines. Let’s review some findings from this report.

1. Detected Contaminants

Buffalo's drinking water is regularly monitored for numerous substances, including total coliform bacteria, turbidity, inorganic compounds, nitrates, nitrites, lead, copper, VOCs, TTHMs, HAAs, radiological contaminants, etc. Some of these contaminants were present in Buffalo’s tap water. However, their concentrations were below the thresholds set by state regulations, indicating the water is safe for drinking.

2. Lead and Copper

Tests on 101 homes showed that one sample exceeded the lead Action Level (AL) of 15 parts per billion (ppb), but all copper samples were below the AL of 1,300 ppb. To minimize lead and copper levels, the Buffalo Water Authority treats its supply with a poly/orthophosphate blend that helps prevent these metals from leaching into the water from pipes.

3. Turbidity

Turbidity indicates water clarity and general quality. It usually reflects the effectiveness of the water filtration system. Turbidity measurements for Buffalo’s water complied with state standards, showing that the filtration process is working effectively. The highest recorded turbidity measurement was 1.97 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) on December 14, 2023. The regulations require a maximum of 5.0 NTU, with monthly turbidity below 0.3 NTU.

4. Undetected Contaminants

Several contaminants, including a range of VOCs, pesticides, and other harmful chemicals, were tested for but not detected in Buffalo's water supply. Overall, the report showed that all detected contaminants were within acceptable limits set by health regulations.

Are There Any Ongoing Water Quality Improvement Projects in Buffalo?

The city of Buffalo is actively working on several projects to improve its water quality. The city is upgrading its infrastructure, including replacing old pipes and modernizing treatment facilities to prevent leaks and contamination. Advanced technologies, such as UV light and oxidation processes, are being introduced to enhance water purification and address new types of pollutants.

In addition, Buffalo’s authorities are making efforts to protect the source water from Lake Erie by reducing pollution runoff and increasing monitoring of the lake’s quality. Buffalo is also focusing on public education, encouraging residents to conserve water and participate in maintaining water safety. These initiatives reflect Buffalo’s commitment to ensuring its tap water remains safe and high-quality for its residents.

What Should Residents Do If They Suspect Their Water Is Contaminated?

If you suspect your water may be contaminated, you should take immediate action to ensure their safety. First, contact the Buffalo Water Authority or the Erie County Health Department to report your concerns and request a water quality test. Also, consider dialing EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline for further assistance. Testing helps identify specific contaminants and determine if any action is necessary.

In the meantime, avoid drinking tap water until its safety is confirmed. Use bottled water or boil tap water to kill potential pathogens if necessary. Flushing faucets by running cold water for several minutes before using it for drinking or cooking can also help.

To address specific contaminants, residents should consider using home water filters that are designed to target known issues. For example, activated carbon filters can effectively reduce chlorine and certain organic compounds, while reverse osmosis systems can address a broader range of contaminants, including lead and nitrates. Be sure to choose a filter that is certified for contaminants in your water. For ongoing concerns, stay informed through local water quality reports and follow any guidance provided by health authorities.

How Does Buffalo Water Quality Compare to Other Cities in the Region?

Buffalo’s water quality compares favorably to several other cities in the region. Here’s a closer look at how it stacks up:

• Cleveland, Ohio: Like Buffalo, Cleveland draws its water from Lake Erie. Both cities benefit from the lake's relatively high quality, but Cleveland’s aging infrastructure has faced issues with lead contamination and outdated treatment methods. Buffalo’s more modern systems and proactive lead mitigation efforts give it an edge in ensuring cleaner tap water.
• Detroit, Michigan: Detroit’s primary water sources are the Detroit River and Lake Huron. While Detroit has made strides in improving its water quality, the city has struggled with issues related to lead contamination and aging pipelines.
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh uses water from the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. While Pittsburgh’s water quality meets regulatory standards, several analyses of the city’s tap water have revealed higher levels of total TTHMs and haloacetic acids HAAs, byproducts of water disinfection.
• Buffalo vs. smaller cities: Compared to smaller cities in the region, Buffalo water quality often outperforms due to its extensive and modern water treatment infrastructure. Smaller cities may not have the same level of resources for advanced filtration and regular maintenance, which can affect the overall quality and safety of their water supply.

Is the Tap Water in Buffalo Safe to Drink?

Buffalo's water generally meets federal and state safety standards and is considered safe for drinking. The city's water undergoes rigorous testing and treatment processes to ensure it meets regulatory requirements. However, occasional problems like lead or PFAS at low levels have been detected. Some households may face increased risks due to older plumbing systems or fixtures that can introduce contaminants like lead into the water.

To address these concerns, you may want to consider using advanced water filters that target specific contaminants or opting for bottled water. Regular testing and maintenance of home water systems are also recommended to ensure safety and minimize health risks.

Find out what's in your tap water by checking the water quality in your area using your ZIP code.

To remove disinfection byproducts and other contaminants, consider using a home water filter like HomeWater’s UPSTREAM™ 4-Stage Whole Home Water Filter.